Energy is conserved—it cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
This is the First Law of Thermodynamics. It underpins all physical, chemical, and biological processes.
Energy conversions are inefficient.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that with every energy transformation, some useful energy is lost, usually as heat, limiting the efficiency of systems.
Fossil fuels remain the dominant primary energy source.
Coal, oil, and natural gas supply the majority of the world's energy, but are non-renewable and the primary drivers of climate change.
Electricity is an energy carrier, not a primary source.
It must be generated from other energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear, or renewables. Decarbonizing electricity is key to decarbonizing other sectors.
Renewable energy is becoming increasingly cost-competitive.
Solar and wind power are now among the cheapest sources of new electricity generation in many parts of the world.
Energy efficiency is a powerful and cost-effective tool.
Using less energy to achieve the same outcome through technologies like LED lighting and better insulation is often the cheapest way to reduce energy demand and emissions.
Energy storage is crucial for a renewable-heavy grid.
Technologies like batteries and pumped hydro storage are essential to balance the intermittent nature of solar and wind power.
Access to modern energy is fundamental for human development.
Hundreds of millions of people still lack access to reliable electricity and clean cooking fuels, which impacts health, education, and economic opportunity.
Energy systems require long-term planning and investment.
The transition to a clean energy system involves long-lived infrastructure and requires stable policies to guide investment.
The future of energy is likely more electrified, digital, and distributed.
This includes a mix of clean energy sources, widespread electrification (e.g., electric vehicles), and smarter, more flexible grids.